Travel Planning and Optimisation

Growing up, I was fortunate to have the opportunity to travel a lot thanks to the jobs of my parents. This instilled in me a love for traveling, discovering new cultures, and the travel industry in general. One major benefit of traveling with my parents on business, was that we were usually able to travel in Business. I came to appreciate the associated benefits, most notably the comfort of airport lounges. Later, as a student, I wanted to continue traveling, and, if feasible, do so in comfort. However, my budget was tight, and so I had to find new creative ways to my voyages. Hence, I learned more about how airlines and hotels operations, and how to take advantage of the system to one's favour, thanks to resources such as FlyerTalk. This is also when I learned more about loyalty programs, started to reverse engineer the airline's revenue management, and understand how to use that knowledge to optimise both price and comfort for my own travel planning.

Today I have had the incredible luxury of traveling to many places, and in a classes I wouldn't even have dared to dream of as a child. Furthermore, I have held frequent traveler stati, that too seemed completely unachievable for my travels and budget.

Today I plan and optimise travel, as well as loyalty for a select few.

All of this I learned thanks to experience and the combined knowledge of the hive-mind that is FlyerTalk. I would like to continue the cycle of information being passed on for free. While it is hard to pass on years of experience doing this, I have done my best to write down a basic guide, which you can find below.

Introduction

Basics

Trip Optimisation

Loyalty Optimisation

Sustainability

Introduction

Your mileage may vary. Caveats. What is the goal? Give an introduction to some rather complex topics such as the airline landscape, how airline ticketing systems work, how revenue management works, how airlines cooperate, how loyalty programs work, and then based on that knowledge how to use this to optimise your travel, in two senses: Cost of individual tickets and benefits.

Basics

First, we shall introduce the basics. The two main relevant parts of air transport are airlines and airports. There are furthermore, two relevant governing bodies, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) airline trade association and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a body of the United Nations. Both IATA and the ICAO set standards for airlines and airport operators, among others, such as the codes used by airlines and airports for identification. IATA codes are most notably used in flight numbers and in routings for the airport codes. Below is a small example of codes used by airlines and airports, it can be useful to know the most used codes by heart.

Airline:	SWISS	Scandinavian Airlines	Singapore Airlines	British Airways	Lufthansa
IATA:	LX	SK	SQ	BA	LH
ICAO:	SWR	SAS	SIA	BA	DLH

Airport:	Zurich	Copenhagen	Boston	London Heathrow
IATA:	ZRH	CPH	BOS	LHR
ICAO:	LSZH	EKCH	KBOS	EGLL

The Matrix

Most airline systems are tightly interconnected. Both in terms operations, given the many different entities that are involved in modern air travel, but also in terms of ticket distribution and sales. Essentially, the airlines make their schedules, availability and fares, as well as ways to book tickets, public via a global distribution system (GDS). There are three main programs that airlines use for this: Amadeus, Galileo and Sabre. The reason for such a global distribution system is this is that airlines want their flight information, availability and fares to be as accessible as possible, so that third parties (such as travel agents, websites etc.) can easily find and book their flights. This system was developed over time, and grew historically, and with how the industry and user behaviour has shifted over time, the result is now quite complicated, as seen in the image on the right. The way of how flights are booked as changed drastically, and nowadays most tickets are sold either directly by the airline on their website, or via traditional travel agents (mostly corporate travel agents) and OTAs (Online Travel Agencies). The whole system in which all this information (schedules, availability and fares) is shared, including the GDS, is often referred to as the matrix. Displayed on the right-hand side are the distribution channels used by SWISS. The underlying system used is Amadeus, but the complicated diagram reflects the various different and oftentimes complicated ways on how information is made available, and how tickets are booked. A lot of this has historically grown, the main goal being to make information about available flights, and more important, purchasing those flights as easy as possible.

Fares, Booking Classes and Other Codes

Popping the hood on the matrix, the table shown below is a small excerpt of results for an inquiry of flights between ZRH and NYC (which includes all New York airport such as EWR, JFK and LGA), exclusively on flights with a SWISS (LX) flight number. The results includes three direct flights operated by SWISS, as well as one code-share flight operated by United Airlines (UA). Codeshare, as the name implies, is when airlines share their codes to put on flights not operated by themselves. While a flight only ever has one flight number with which it operates, it can be sold under a multitude of codeshare flight numbers. As an example, this flight LX1234 has 5(!) code share flight numbers, each with different availability. In addition to the direct flights, there are many more options with connecting flights. The reason for this is that SWISS is part of the Star Alliance transatlantic Joint Venture (JV), which includes the Lufthansa Group (Austrian, Brussels, Lufthansa, SWISS), United Airlines and Air Canada. These arilines work very closely together, and extensive code-shares are just a part of the JV cooperation. Operating equipment, arrival & destination location and time, frequency and availability in booking classes. But what the hell are booking classes? But what are these weird numbers on the very right? These are the booking classes and the associated availability. Given that the system has historically grown, only one number denotes availability.The numbers go from 0-9. This doesn't mean that there are only a maximum of nine seats per letter, but rather 9 simply indicates that at least nine seats are available.

Schedule Excerpt, LX departing ZRH for NYC:

Flight	Stops	Depart	Arrive	Aircraft	Frequency Reliability	Available Classes
LX 16	0	ZRH 06/01/26 10:00 AM	JFK 06/01/26 12:50 PM	333	Daily 75% / 22m	F8 A8 J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L9 K9
LX (UA) 3218	0	ZRH 06/01/26 10:10 AM	EWR 06/01/26 1:30 PM	763	Daily 90% / 36m	J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 G9 E6 N0 V9 Q9 W9 S9 T9 L0 K0
LX 14	0	ZRH 06/01/26 1:20 PM	JFK 06/01/26 4:35 PM	333	Daily 71% / 28m	F7 A6 J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L9 K9
LX 18	0	ZRH 06/01/26 5:20 PM	EWR 06/01/26 8:10 PM	333	Daily 72% / 43m	F8 A6 J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L9 K9
LX 316	1	ZRH 06/01/26 7:05 AM	LHR 06/01/26 7:55 AM	32Q	Daily 75% / 15m	J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L9 K9
LX (UA) 3070	1	LHR 06/01/26 9:30 AM	EWR 06/01/26 12:50 PM	763	Daily 94% / 23m	J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L4 K0
LX 786	1	ZRH 06/01/26 7:25 AM	BRU 06/01/26 8:50 AM	32Q	Su, M, Tu, Th, St 49% / 22m	J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L9 K9
LX (UA) 3010	1	BRU 06/01/26 11:15 AM	EWR 06/01/26 13:10 PM	787	Daily 82% / 24m	J9 C9 D9 Z9 P4 G9 E0 N0 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W7 S0 T0 L0 K0
LX (LH) 3612	1	ZRH 06/01/26 8:15 AM	FRA 06/01/26 9:20 AM	321	Daily NA / NA	J9 C7 D2 Z0 P0 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q5 V0 W0 S0 T0 L0 K0
LH (UA) 7609	1	FRA 06/01/26 11:10 AM	EWR 06/01/26 13:40 PM	77W	Daily 75% / 32m	J9 C9 D0 Z0 P0 G9 E5 N0 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L0 K0
LX 2804	1	ZRH 06/01/26 9:10 AM	GVA 06/01/26 10:00 AM	32N	Daily 72% / 16m	J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L9 K9
LX 22	1	GVA 06/01/26 11:40 AM	JFK 06/01/26 14:20 PM	333	Daily 79% / 24m	J9 C9 D9 Z9 P9 G9 E9 N9 Y9 B9 M9 U9 H9 Q9 V9 W9 S9 T9 L9 K9

25MAY18**25MAY18/LH MUNCYC/NSP;AT/TPM  4025/MPM  4830
*** FOR STAR ALLIANCE RTWk SEE FQD XYXYZ EG:FRAFRA ***
LN FARE BASIS      OW   EUR   RT   B PEN  DATES/DAYS    AP MIN MAX R
01*FFCOUPON       9232      18464  F  -     -     -    + -  -  12M R
02+F77OW          7080             F  -     -     -      -  -   -  M
03+F77RT                     9440  F  -     -     -      -  -  12M M
04+FFFDEW                    8480  F  -     -     -    + -  -  12M R
06+FRCDE07W                  6120  F  +     -     -    +  + 2+ 12M R
07+ARCDE21W                  4220  A  +     -     -    +21  2+ 12M R
08+ANCDE28W                  3882  A NRF    -     -    +28  6+  1M R

25MAY18**25MAY18/LH MUNCYC/NSP;AT/TPM  4025/MPM  4830
*** FOR STAR ALLIANCE RTWk SEE FQD XYXYZ EG:FRAFRA ***
LN FARE BASIS      OW    EUR   RT   B PEN  DATES/DAYS    AP MIN MAX R
01+JCOUPON        6806       13612  J  -     -     -    + -  -  12M R
02+J77OW          4823              J  -     -     -      -  -   -  M
03+J77RT                      6430  J  -     -     -      -  -  12M M
04+JFFDE0W                    5620  J  -     -     -    + -  -  12M R
05+CFFDE0W                    4920  C  -     -     -    +  + -  12M R
06+DWRCDE7W                   4320  D  +     -     -    + 7  2+ 12M R
07+DXRCDE7W                   4120  D  +     -     -    + 7  2+ 12M R
08+DWRCDE4W                   4020  D  +     -     -    +14  2+ 12M R
09+DXRCDE4W                   3820  D  +     -     -    +14  2+ 12M R
10+ZWRCDE1W                   3620  Z  +     -     -    +21  2+ 12M R
11+ZXRCDE1W                   3420  Z  +     -     -    +21  2+ 12M R
12+ZWNC28W                    3370  Z NRF    -     -    +28  6+ 12M R
13+ZXNC28W                    3170  Z NRF    -     -    +28  6+ 12M R
14+PWNC60W                    3120  P NRF    -     -    +60  6+ 12M R
15+PXNC60W                    2920  P NRF    -     -    +60  6+ 12M R

Shwon above are the results (First Class at the top and Business Class at the bottom). As you can see, there are more fares than booking classes, however, the availability of each fare is dictated by its fare rules, such as advance purchase (AP), it being one-way (OW), round-trip (RT), specific dates or day of the week, as well as the length of stay. And, each fare books into a specific booking class, so for the fare to be available, in addition to the fare rules, the booking class needs to be available.

Brief Deep-Dive into Basic Airline Economics or Why do we even have all of that stuff?

Booking classes, historically, where a way for the airlines to segment the market and to get the customer to pay the maximum that the customer was willing to pay. So in addition to simple suppl and demand (the curve on the right reflects the demand for different ticket prices) and using one price, with the profit reflected by the area of the rectangle drawn from this point, the airlines try to maximize their profits through revenue management, and trying to get each customer to pay the maximum that they are willing to pay. However, since that maximum is not the same for everybody, the airlines are trying to find ways to segment their customers and set the prices based on various different attributes with which they can discriminate their customer base. These factors are included in the fare rules, and result in the different fares and price points for tickets. Factors include, but are not limited to Product (Economy, Premium Economy, Business, First), Route (Direct Flight vs. Flights with connections), origin, destination, type (OW vs RT), felxibility (Refundable vs non-refundable), Dates (specific dates, Thanks Giving, Christmas), weekday (Week-End vs. Week-Days, Duration (Short vs. Long and over the Week-End), Advance Purchase (How far in advance the ticket is bought), sales channel (where the ticket is bought (TA, OTA, CTA etc.), etc. A lot of it essentially comes down to Business vs. Leisure Travellers. In addition, a system checks the forcasted demand, estimated willingness to pay etc. and steers the availability of booking classes (which indirectly affect the available prices)

Why is it important to know about this?

We have stablished ABC, now it is time to take a closer look at a fare, shown below, including the allowed routing table.

Swiss Intl. Air Lines (LX) Fare Rules for Fare Basis Code ANCV2, departing ZRH for NYC:

Rule Category	Rule Text
RULE APPLICATION AND OTHER CONDITIONS	NOTE - THE FOLLOWING TEXT IS INFORMATIONAL AND NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. SWISS RESTRICTED FARE //-A-// APPLICATION AREA: THESE FARES APPLY FROM AREA 2 TO AREA 1. CLASS OF SERVICE: THESE FARES APPLY FOR PREMIUM ECONOMY CLASS SERVICE. CAPACITY LIMITATIONS: THE CARRIER SHALL LIMIT THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS CARRIED ON ANY ONE FLIGHT AT FARES GOVERNED BY THIS RULE AND SUCH FARES WILL NOT NECESSARILY BE AVAILABLE ON ALL FLIGHTS. THE NUMBER OF SEATS, WHICH THE CARRIER SHALL MAKE AVAILABLE ON A GIVEN FLIGHT, WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE CARRIER'S BEST JUDGEMENT. OTHER CONDITIONS: SEQUENTIAL USE OF FLIGHT COUPONS - THIS FARE IS ONLY VALID IF THE FLIGHTS ARE TAKEN IN THE BOOKED SEQUENCE. OTHERWISE THE FARE WILL BE RECALCULATED BASED ON THE ACTUAL FLIGHT ROUTING.
ELIGIBILITY	NO ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS APPLY.
DAY/TIME	NO DAY/TIME TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS APPLY.
SEASONALITY	NO SEASONAL TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS APPLY.
FLIGHT APPLICATION	NO FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS APPLY.
ADVANCE RESERVATIONS/TICKETING	CONFIRMED RESERVATIONS FOR ALL SECTORS ARE REQUIRED AT LEAST 50 DAYS BEFORE DEPARTURE. WHEN RESERVATIONS ARE MADE AT LEAST 7 DAYS BEFORE DEPARTURE, TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 7 DAYS AFTER RESERVATIONS ARE MADE OR AT LEAST 50 DAYS BEFORE DEPARTURE, WHICHEVER IS EARLIER. OR - CONFIRMED RESERVATIONS FOR ALL SECTORS ARE REQUIRED AT LEAST 50 DAYS BEFORE DEPARTURE. TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 72 HOURS AFTER RESERVATIONS ARE MADE OR AT LEAST 50 DAYS BEFORE DEPARTURE, WHICHEVER IS EARLIER. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. -V4- DUE TO AUTOMATED TICKETING DEADLINE CONTROL DIFFERENCE COULD EXIST BETWEEN THE FARE RULE LAST TICKETING DATE AND THE SYSTEM GENERATED TICKETING DEADLINE MESSAGE. THE MORE RESTRICTIVE TICKETING DEADLINE APPLIES. ANY RESERVATION FOR FARES WITH TICKETING DEADLINE NOT TICKETED AT LEAST 26 HOURS BEFORE DEPARTURE WILL BE CANCELLED. THIS APPLIES IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE MENTIONED DEADLINES. RESERVATIONS MADE WITHIN 26 HOURS BEFORE DEPARTURE REQUIRE TICKETING AT THE SAME TIME.
MINIMUM STAY	TRAVEL FROM TURNAROUND MUST COMMENCE NO EARLIER THAN 2 DAYS AFTER ARRIVAL AT THE TURNAROUND.
MAXIMUM STAY	TRAVEL FROM LAST STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NO LATER THAN 12 MONTHS AFTER DEPARTURE FROM FARE ORIGIN.
STOPOVERS	2 STOPOVERS PERMITTED IN EACH DIRECTION: 1 IN AREA 1 IN EACH DIRECTION 1 IN AREA 2 IN EACH DIRECTION CHILD/INFANT DISCOUNTS APPLY. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. EACH STOPOVER TAKEN UTILIZES A PERMITTED TRANSFER. UNLESS RESTRICTED BY ROUTING ATTACHED TO FARE RECORDS
TRANSFERS	4 TRANSFERS PERMITTED IN EACH DIRECTION: 1 PERMITTED IN AREA 2 IN EACH DIRECTION 3 PERMITTED IN AREA 1 IN EACH DIRECTION. FARE BREAK SURFACE SECTORS NOT PERMITTED AND EMBEDDED SURFACE SECTORS PERMITTED ON THE FARE COMPONENT. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. UNLESS RESTRICTED BY ROUTING ATTACHED TO FARE RECORDS.
COMBINATIONS	END-ON-END NOT PERMITTED. SIDE TRIPS PERMITTED WITH NO RESTRICTIONS. OPEN JAWS: FARES MAY BE COMBINED ON A HALF ROUND TRIP BASIS TO FORM SINGLE OR DOUBLE OPEN JAWS. A MAXIMUM OF TWO INTERNATIONAL FARE COMPONENTS PERMITTED. MILEAGE OF THE OPEN SEGMENT MUST BE EQUAL/LESS THAN MILEAGE OF THE LONGEST FLOWN FARE COMPONENT. PROVIDED: THE OPEN SEGMENT MUST BE BETWEEN GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND/BETWEEN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA/BETWEEN BELGIUM AND GERMANY/BETWEEN LUXEMBOURG AND GERMANY/BETWEEN LUXEMBOURG AND BELGIUM OR BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND SLOVAKIA, OR WITHIN GERMANY/WITHIN BELGIUM/WITHIN AUSTRIA/WITHIN SWITZERLAND/WITHIN LUXEMBOURG/WITHIN SLOVAKIA OR WITHIN AREA 1. COMBINATIONS ARE WITH ANY F-/A-/J-/C-/D-/Z-/P-/G-/O-/E-/N-/R-/Y-/B-/M- TYPE FARES FOR CARRIER LH/UA/AC/OS/LX/SN OR FOR CARRIER 4Y IN ANY RULE IN ANY TARIFF. ROUND TRIPS/CIRCLE TRIPS: FARES MAY BE COMBINED ON A HALF ROUND TRIP BASIS TO FORM ROUND TRIPS OR CIRCLE TRIPS. A MAXIMUM OF TWO INTERNATIONAL FARE COMPONENTS PERMITTED. PROVIDED: COMBINATIONS ARE WITH ANY F-/A-/J-/C-/D-/Z-/P-/G-/O-/E-/N-/R-/Y-/B-/M- TYPE FARES FOR CARRIER LH/UA/AC/OS/LX/SN OR FOR CARRIER 4Y IN ANY RULE IN ANY TARIFF.
BLACKOUT DATES	NO BLACKOUT DATES APPLY.
SURCHARGES	IF INFANT WITHOUT A SEAT PSGR UNDER 2. THERE IS NO FUEL SURCHARGE PER ANY PASSENGER. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. SALE OF THIS FARE IS PERMITTED WORLDWIDE. THIS SURCHARGE IS ONLY APPLICABLE WHEN TICKETS ARE SOLD IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN. THE PROVISIONS BELOW APPLY ONLY AS FOLLOWS - WHEN TICKETS ARE SOLD IN IRAN. FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 180.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND AFRICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND AREA 1. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND AREA 3. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 55.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN EUROPE. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN MIDDLE EAST AND AREA 1. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN MIDDLE EAST AND AREA 3. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 55.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN MIDDLE EAST. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND AREA 3. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 55.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND INTERNATIONAL POINTS IN THE CARIBBEAN AREA/CENTRAL AMERICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 55.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN AFRICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 265.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN AREA 3. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. SALE OF THIS FARE IS PERMITTED WORLDWIDE. THIS SURCHARGE IS ONLY APPLICABLE WHEN TICKETS ARE SOLD IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN. THE PROVISIONS BELOW APPLY ONLY AS FOLLOWS - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY UL. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY NZ. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY QR. FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 225.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND AFRICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND AREA 1. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN EUROPE AND AREA 3. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 69.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN EUROPE. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN MIDDLE EAST AND AREA 1. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN MIDDLE EAST AND AREA 3. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 69.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN MIDDLE EAST. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND AREA 3. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 69.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND INTERNATIONAL POINTS IN THE CARIBBEAN AREA/CENTRAL AMERICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 69.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN AFRICA. AND - FUEL SURCHARGE OF USD 330.00 PER COUPON WILL BE ADDED TO THE APPLICABLE FARE PER ANY PASSENGER WHEN SECTOR OF TRAVEL IS WITHIN AREA 3.
ACCOMPANIED TRAVEL	ACCOMPANIED TRAVEL NOT REQUIRED.
TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS	NO TRAVEL DATE RESTRICTIONS APPLY.
SALES RESTRICTIONS	IF THE FARE COMPONENT INCLUDES TRAVEL FROM/TO/VIA SRI LANKA/INDIA, THEN THAT TRAVEL MUST BE ON ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING: ANY UL FLIGHT OPERATED BY UL, ANY LH FLIGHT OPERATED BY AI, ANY LX FLIGHT OPERATED BY AI. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON THE STOCK OF LX AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT/CAMEROON/GAMBIA/TOGO. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY LH AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY OS AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY SN AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. IF THE FARE COMPONENT INCLUDES TRAVEL WITHIN AREA 2 ON BUS. OR IF THE FARE COMPONENT INCLUDES TRAVEL WITHIN AREA 2 ON TRAIN. OR IF THE FARE COMPONENT INCLUDES TRAVEL WITHIN AREA 2 ON TRAIN HIGH SPEED. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON THE STOCK OF LX AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY LH AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY OS AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY SN AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY UA AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OTHERWISE, TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON THE STOCK OF LX AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY LH AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY OS AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY SN AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY AC AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY UA AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY NH AND MAY NOT BE SOLD IN ANGOLA/IRAN/SOUTH SUDAN/VENEZUELA/SUDAN/ZIMBABWE/EGYPT. AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED. OR - TICKETS MUST NOT BE ISSUED ON LX. TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED BY HR AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN BURKINA FASO/BENIN/COTE D IVOIRE/SENEGAL/MAURITIUS/LIBYA/YEMEN/CAMEROON. EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED.
PENALTIES	CANCELLATIONS ANY TIME TICKET IS NON-REFUNDABLE. WAIVED FOR DEATH OF PASSENGER OR FAMILY MEMBER. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. WAIVERS MUST BE EVIDENCED BY DEATH CERTIFICATE. ----------------------------------------------- REFUND PERMITTED BEFORE DEPARTURE IN CASE OF REJECTION OF VISA. EMBASSY STATEMENT REQUIRED. DISAPPROVAL FROM ESTA/ETA IS NOT CONSIDERED AS VISA REJECTION. ----------------------------------------------- REFUND RULES APPLY PER PRICING UNIT. ----------------------------------------------- WHEN COMBINING NON-REFUNDABLE FARES WITH REFUNDABLE FARES: 1. THE MOST RESTRICTIVE CANCELLATION CONDITION APPLIES TO THE ENTIRE PRICING UNIT. 2. THE HIGHEST CANCELLATION PENALTY WITHIN THE PRICING UNIT WILL BE CHARGED. ----------------------------------------------- REFUND FOR PARTLY USED TICKET - IF A RETURN TICKET SHALL BE USED FOR ONE WAY TRAVEL - THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RETURN FARE AND THE APPLICABLE ONE WAY FARE WILL/SHALL BE CALCULATED. APPLICABLE ONE WAY IS THE ONE WAY FARE WITHIN THE SAME OR HIGHER RBD. ANY CREDIT WILL BE REFUNDED LESS ANY APPLICABLE CANCELLATION PENALTY. ----------------------------------------------- CHILD DISCOUNT DOES NOT APPLY. INFANT WITHOUT SEAT FREE OF CHARGE. ----------------------------------------------- REFUND PERMITTED WITHIN TICKET VALIDITY. ----------------------------------------------- ANY ORIGINAL NON-REFUNDABLE AMOUNT FROM A PREVIOUS TICKET REMAINS NON-REFUNDABLE AND WILL BE CARRIED FORWARD TO ANY REISSUED/EXCHANGED TICKET. ----------------------------------------------- REFUND OF UNUSED TAXES PAID TO THIRD PARTIES PERMITTED. EXCEPT FOR TAXES THAT ARE LEGALLY NON-REFUNDABLE. PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES APPLICABLE TO US AIRPORTS WITH TAX CODES US/ZP/XF ARE REFUNDABLE WHEN THE FARE IS REFUNDABLE OR NON-REFUNDABLE WHEN THE FARE IS NON-REFUNDABLE. ----------------------------------------------- REFUND OF UNUSED YR NOT PERMITTED. THIS ALSO INCLUDES LH/LX/OS/SN DCC - DISTRIBUTION COST CHARGE - SHOWN AS YR ON THE TICKET. ----------------------------------------------- REFUND OF UNUSED YQ NOT PERMITTED. ----------------------------------------------- GERMAN AVIATION SECURITY CHARGE IS POTENTIALLY REFUNDABLE FOR TRANSFER PASSENGERS ARRIVING FROM COUNTRIES US/CA OR ME HAVING TRANSFER IN FRA TERMINAL 1 WITH NO ADDITIONAL SECURITY CHECK BY FEDERAL POLICE IN FRA. ----------------------------------------------- THE OPTIONAL PAYMENT CHARGE IS NON-REFUNDABLE. ----------------------------------------------- CHANGES ANY TIME CHARGE CHF 510.00 FOR REISSUE. WAIVED FOR DEATH OF PASSENGER OR FAMILY MEMBER. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. REISSUE/EXCHANGE PERMITTED EXCEPT TO -LGT/-BV/-LQ/-BQ TYPE FARE. ----------------------------------------------- REROUTING PERMITTED IF ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF THE FARE COMPONENT REMAIN THE SAME. ----------------------------------------------- WAIVERS MUST BE EVIDENCED BY DEATH CERTIFICATE. ----------------------------------------------- RULES FOR CHANGES APPLY BY FARE COMPONENT/DIRECTION. IN CASE OF FARE COMBINATION CHARGE THE HIGHEST FEE OF ALL CHANGED FARE COMPONENTS. ----------------------------------------------- A CHANGE IS A DATE/FLIGHT/ROUTING/BOOKING CODE CHANGE. ----------------------------------------------- CHANGE FEE APPLIES FOR EVERY SINGLE CLOSED REISSUE/REBOOKING TRANSACTION. CHILD DISCOUNT DOES NOT APPLY. INFANT WITHOUT SEAT FREE OF CHARGE. ----------------------------------------------- CHANGES NOT PERMITTED IN CASE OF NO SHOW. REFER TO REFUND SECTION. ----------------------------------------------- IF A RETURN FLIGHT CANNOT BE BOOKED DUE TO THE RETURN DATE OUTSIDE SYSTEM BOOKING RANGE - AN ALTERNATIVE FLIGHT MAY BE BOOKED FOR TICKET ISSUANCE. ONE LATER REBOOKING FOR THE DESIRED DATE/TIME IS PERMITTED WITHOUT REBOOKING FEE. ALL OTHER PROVISIONS MUST REMAIN THE SAME. ----------------------------------------------- IF CHANGES ARE MADE TO ANY OTHER THAN THE FIRST TICKETED FLIGHT COUPON - THE FARES IN EFFECT AT THE TIME OF ORIGINAL TICKET ISSUE WILL APPLY PROVIDED THE NEW ITINERARY QUALIFIES FOR ALL THE PROVISIONS OF THE ORIGINALLY TICKETED BOOKING CODE FARE IGNORING ADVANCE RESERVATION OR TICKETING REQUIREMENTS. ----------------------------------------------- IF CHANGES ARE MADE TO FIRST TICKETED FLIGHT COUPON OF A TOTALLY UNUSED TICKET - THE FARES IN EFFECT AT TIME OF REBOOKING/REISSUE WILL APPLY PROVIDED THE NEW ITINERARY QUALIFIES FOR ALL THE PROVISIONS OF THE ORIGINALLY TICKETED BOOKING CODE FARE INCLUDING ADVANCE RESERVATION OR TICKETING REQUIREMENTS. ----------------------------------------------- WHEN CHANGES ARE MADE AND THE ORIGINALLY TICKETED BOOKING CLASS ARE KEPT THE NEW FARE MAY BE LOWER/EQUAL OR HIGHER. ANY RESIDUAL AMOUNT WILL BE IGNORED. ----------------------------------------------- WHEN CHANGES ARE MADE AND THE ORIGINALLY TICKETED BOOKING CLASS CHANGED THE NEW FARE MAY ONLY BE EQUAL OR HIGHER. ----------------------------------------------- IF APPLICABLE - COLLECT THE CHANGE FEE AND CHARGE THE FARE DIFFERENCE TO THE HIGHER FARE. ----------------------------------------------- REISSUE AND EMD ISSUANCE MUST BE MADE WITHIN 24 HOURS AFTER CHANGE OF RESERVATION BUT NOT LATER THAN DEPARTURE OF THE ORIGINAL FLIGHT BEING CHANGED. IF NOT DONE WITHIN 24 HOURS TICKET WILL ONLY BE VALID FOR REFUND OR NOT APPLICABLE AT ALL. ----------------------------------------------- IN CASE OF SUBSEQUENT REISSUE/EXCHANGE - THE ORIGINAL NON-REFUNDABLE FARE OR REFUND PENALTY AMOUNT REMAINS NON-REFUNDABLE. -----------------------------------------------
HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONS	THE HIGHER INTERMEDIATE POINT RULE DOES NOT APPLY FOR STOPOVERS.
TICKET ENDORSEMENTS	THE ORIGINAL AND THE REISSUED TICKET MUST BE ANNOTATED - FARE RESTRICTION MAY APPLY - IN THE ENDORSEMENT BOX.
CHILDREN DISCOUNTS	CNN/ACCOMPANIED CHILD PSGR 2-11 - CHARGE 100 PERCENT OF THE FARE. TICKET DESIGNATOR - CH AND PERCENT APPLIED. MUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS IN THE SAME COMPARTMENT BY ADULT PSGR 12 OR OLDER. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. FOR CHILDREN TURNING 12 YEARS ENROUTE - CHILDREN FARE HAS TO BE USED FOR THE ENTIRE JOURNEY. OR - INS/INFANT WITH A SEAT PSGR UNDER 2 - CHARGE 100 PERCENT OF THE FARE. TICKET DESIGNATOR - CH AND PERCENT APPLIED. MUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS IN THE SAME COMPARTMENT BY ADULT PSGR 12 OR OLDER. OR - INF/INFANT WITHOUT A SEAT PSGR UNDER 2 - CHARGE 10 PERCENT OF THE FARE. TICKET DESIGNATOR - IN AND PERCENT APPLIED. MUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS IN THE SAME COMPARTMENT BY ADULT PSGR 12 OR OLDER. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. FOR INFANTS TURNING 2 YEARS ENROUTE - DUE TO SAFETY REGULATIONS - A BOOKED SEAT WILL BE REQUIRED FOR THE REMAINING PORTIONS OF THE JOURNEY. WHEN A SEPARATE SEAT IS REQUIRED ON A PORTION OF THE JOURNEY - CHILD FARE HAS TO BE USED FOR THE ENTIRE JOURNEY. OR - UNN/UNACCOMPANIED CHILD PSGR 5-11. ID REQUIRED - CHARGE 100 PERCENT OF THE FARE. TICKET DESIGNATOR - CH AND PERCENT APPLIED. NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. UNACCOMPANIED CHILD UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED FOR CARRIAGE. SERVICE CHARGE FOR UNACCOMPANIED CHILD APPLIES.
TOUR CONDUCTOR DISCOUNTS	NOTE - TEXT BELOW NOT VALIDATED FOR AUTOPRICING. -DISCOUNTS NOT PERMITTED
AGENT DISCOUNTS	NO DISCOUNTS FOR SALE AGENTS.
ALL OTHER DISCOUNTS	NO DISCOUNTS FOR OTHERS.
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS	NO PROVISIONS APPLY.
FARE BY RULE	NOT APPLICABLE.
GROUPS	NO GROUP PROVISIONS APPLY.
TOURS	NO TOUR PROVISIONS APPLY.
VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY	NO VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY PROVISIONS APPLY.
DEPOSITS	NO DEPOSIT PROVISIONS APPLY.
VOLUNTARY CHANGES	ENTER RD31 OR RDLINE NUM31 FOR VOLUNTARY CHGS.
VOLUNTARY REFUNDS	IN THE EVENT OF REFUND TO TICKETED FLIGHTS BELOW PROVISIONS APPLY: FARE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE WITHIN 1 DAY AFTER THE RESERVATION DATES PROVIDED ALL RESERVATIONS AND TICKETING OCCUR ON THE SAME DATE. REFUND MUST BE REQUESTED BEFORE DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY. REFUND IS REQUIRED ANYTIME BEFORE ORIGINALLY SCHEDULED FLIGHT OF FIRST UNUSED TICKET COUPON. NO CHARGE. IF ALL PENALTIES IN PRICING UNIT ARE PER PRICING UNIT COLLECT HIGHEST. IF MIX OF PER FARE COMPONENT AND PER PRICING UNIT CALCULATE EACH AS SPECIFIED AND COLLECT HIGHEST. NO FEE FOR INFANT W/O SEAT. REPRICING CONDITIONS: 1. FOR FULLY FLOWN FARE COMPONENTS FARE BREAK POINTS MAY NOT BE CHANGED. FOR PARTIALLY FLOWN FARE COMPONENTS ONLY DESTINATION FARE BREAK POINTS MAY BE CHANGED 2. NEW FARE FOR FULLY FLOWN FARE COMPONENT MUST BE EQUAL TO OR HIGHER THAN TICKETED FARE ONLY VALIDATING CARRIER MAY REFUND TICKET. REFUND VIA ORIGINAL FORM OF PAYMENT. OR - FARE IS NONREFUNDABLE. IF MIX OF PER FARE COMPONENT AND PER PRICING UNIT CALCULATE EACH AS SPECIFIED AND COLLECT HIGHEST. NO DISCOUNTS TO FEES APPLY. REPRICING CONDITIONS: 1. FOR FULLY FLOWN FARE COMPONENTS FARE BREAK POINTS MAY NOT BE CHANGED. FOR PARTIALLY FLOWN FARE COMPONENTS ONLY DESTINATION FARE BREAK POINTS MAY BE CHANGED 2. NEW FARE FOR FULLY FLOWN FARE COMPONENT MUST BE EQUAL TO OR HIGHER THAN TICKETED FARE ONLY VALIDATING CARRIER MAY REFUND TICKET. REFUND VIA ORIGINAL FORM OF PAYMENT.
NEGOTIATED FARES	NOT APPLICABLE.
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION	NOT A CONSTRUCTED FARE

V FARE BASIS BK FARE TRAVEL-TICKET AP MINMAX RTG
1 ANCV2 AR 8392.00 ---- 50/ 2/12M AT01
PASSENGER TYPE-ADT AUTO PRICE-YES
FROM-ZRH TO-NYC CXR-LX TVL-29MAY26 RULE-WSFB IPRA/1
FARE BASIS-ANCV2 SPECIAL FARE DIS-E VENDOR-ATP
FARE TYPE-FX RT-FIRST CLASS EXCURSION
CHF 6750.00 0401 E16OCT25 D-INFINITY FC-ANCV2 FN-
SYSTEM DATES - CREATED 15OCT25/0515 EXPIRES INFINITY

PUBLISHED RTG ZRH-NYC/LX401 /TAR-TARG EF-16OCT25 DIS-INDEF

/VIA THE ATLANTIC/
MAP CONSTRUCTED LEFT TO RIGHT AND RIGHT TO LEFT
1. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/MUC/GVA/FRA/DUS/CGN/BRU-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-NYC/EWR-UA/LX/AC-YYT/YTO/YOW/YMQ/YHZ/WAS/PHL/NYC/EWR/DTT/DEN/CLT/CHI/BOS-UA/LX/AC-NYC
2. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-NYC/EWR-UA/LX/AC-YYT/YTO/YOW/YMQ/YHZ/WAS/PHL/NYC/EWR/DTT/DEN/CLT/CHI/BOS-UA/LX/AC-NYC
3. ZRH-LX-NYC/EWR-UA/LX/AC-YYT/YTO/YOW/YMQ/YHZ/WAS/PHL/NYC/EWR/DTT/DEN/CLT/CHI/BOS-UA/LX/AC-NYC
4. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/MUC/GVA/FRA/DUS/CGN/BRU-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-YYT/YTO/YOW/YMQ/YHZ/WAS/PHL/NYC/EWR/DTT/CLT/CHI/BOS-UA/LX/AC-NYC
5. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-YYT/YTO/YOW/YMQ/YHZ/WAS/PHL/NYC/EWR/DTT/CLT/CHI/BOS-UA/LX/AC-NYC
6. ZRH-LX-YYT/YTO/YOW/YMQ/YHZ/WAS/PHL/NYC/EWR/DTT/CLT/CHI/BOS-UA/LX/AC-NYC
7. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/MUC/GVA/FRA/DUS/CGN/BRU-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-NYC/EWR-UA/LX/AC-NYC
8. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-NYC/EWR-UA/LX/AC- NYC
9. ZRH-LX-NYC/EWR-UA/LX/AC-NYC
10. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/MUC/GVA/FRA/DUS/CGN/BRU-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-NYC
11. ZRH-LX-ZRH/VIE/VCE/STO/ROM/PAR/OPO/MUC/MIL/MAN/MAD/LON/GVA/FRA/DUS/DUB/CGN/BRU/BER/BCN/AMS-LX-NYC
12. ZRH-LX-NYC

cont.

Routing Logic, What flights may a fare be booked on? Based on the many airline agreements, codeshare, intelrining, selling connections etc. this tells you Example of Airline A who flies out of, so they codeshare with airline B, to allow access to more destinations, having an agreement to share the revenevue or buying seats at a fixed price. Example of the above routing being allowed.

Alliances and Other Forms of Cooperation

The Airline Landscape, and all sorts of coop, from codeshare, interlining, to joint ventures to airline alliances.

Loyalty

Text

Text about the stuff

Show Schedule: (Flight number, origin, destination, times (arr & dep) equipment, booking class availability. What is a booking class? Fares: Fare Basis, Price (OW,RT) Fare Rules (Days, AP, Min, Max, eligibility etc.) Encoded Information: - Fare Basis - Price (OW / RT) - Fare Rules (Days, AP, Min, Max, Change Fees, Cancellation Fees, Routing Options, Flight Eligibility etc.) Public fares, there are also private negotiated fares.

ITA Matrix

Basic text

Booking Optimisation

All my tips for booking and getting cheap flights, find listed fares, and then find dates that fit criteria with availability. Reposition for cheaper fares / offers etc.

Trip Optimisation

Basic text, give tips on how to optimise travels, treat staff well, give it a try at check-in. Asking usually doesn't hurt, unless your request is very silly. Give examples. Strategically mentioning things and going to talk to people. Usually people are willing and trying to help you out. Example: last minute rebooking and I got put in the worst seat on the plane. Use expertflyer and airline check in system to check seat map and any available flights. No joy. At check-in go to the agents and talk to them, if there are any seats available, mention that you saw it was overbooked, op up hint hint. While in this case i did not get the op up, the person that was left behind one of the best seats in Business into which I was then moved. This is not standard procedure and simply because I had talked to the agent did she shuffle things around in my favour. Very nice. DO care, but not too much, so when things don't work out, you shoul not be disappointed. Don't forget to actually enjoy the experience. When trying to optimise every aspect of travel, especially during traveling, it is easy to forget to enjoy the little things. Give examples.

Loyalty Optimisation

More strategic, instead of focusing only on one journey and finding the optimal price, optimise travel to be focused on one airline / alliance and maximise status and benefits that way. While it may be cheaper to always book the cheapest option, depending on your travel pattern, this will usually prevent you from significantly accumulating miles or points, which would let you achieve a higher status with this airline and alliance. Hence by focusing your flights on an alliance, and optimise the routings you book, you may be able to achieve status, with which you get benefits, such as lounge access. Overview of the three alliances, regions and status levels and how does alliance relate to airline and vice versa. Generally you are only able to earn with one loyalty program

Sustainability

Mental, Societal, and Environmental

Travel Planning and Optimisation

Introduction

Basics

The Matrix

Fares, Booking Classes and Other Codes

Schedule Excerpt, LX departing ZRH for NYC:

Brief Deep-Dive into Basic Airline Economics or Why do we even have all of that stuff?

Why is it important to know about this?

Swiss Intl. Air Lines (LX) Fare Rules for Fare Basis Code ANCV2, departing ZRH for NYC:

cont.

Alliances and Other Forms of Cooperation

Loyalty

ITA Matrix

Booking Optimisation

Trip Optimisation

Loyalty Optimisation

Sustainability

Further Reading & Links

Tools

Glossary